My view about poem- "Compensation"

   

Introduction

       Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer and poet.  The title is very apt to its meaning and context. The poem which it’s written by Emerson is full of philosophy and transcendentalism.

 Emerson

Main idea of the poem is

    "Balance in Inbalance"

The wings of Time are black and white,
Pied with morning and with night.
Mountain tall and ocean deep
Trembling balance duly keep.
In changing moon, in tidal wave,
Glows the feud of Want and Have.
Gauge of more and less through space
Electric star and pencil plays.
The lonely Earth amid the balls
That hurry through the eternal halls,
A makeweight flying to the void,
Supplemental asteroid,
Or compensatory spark,
Shoots across the neutral Dark.

Man's the elm, and Wealth the vine;
Stanch and strong the tendrils twine:
Though the frail ringlets thee deceive,
None from its stock that vine can reave.
Fear not, then, thou child infirm,
There's no god dare wrong a worm.
Laurel crowns cleave to deserts,
And power to him who power exerts;
Hast not thy share? On winged feet,
Lo! it rushes thee to meet;
And all that Nature made thy own,
Floating in air or pent in stone,
Will rive the hills and swim the sea,
And, like thy shadow, follow thee.

The speaker asks the question like-

Do I have a right to be happy when others are not?

It is also having the fact that everyone is not happy at the sometime.

       The readers have the question that is he (the speaker) talking to the readers or himself?

And he also presents the reality that inbalance cannot be removed. This poem is having a direct question and the speaker asks it to himself.

        This poem is in a mood of meditation in which the speaker tries to meditate himself in the sea of full of question regarding equality Emerson seems to be a preacher here who shares or preaches the

    "Buddhist philosophy"  

 that every human being is unique and no one is superior or inferior. This uniqueness makes all human beings equal otherwise there is no equality among people because everyone is different in their own field that is why they are unique. Through, all possess dissimilarities, their dissimilarities make them all different and this is their uniqueness.

                  The writer has used figurative language in this poem. In which he bifurcate two things on one side there is an individual and on another side the society itself. The very direct question makes the whole poem clear that is;

"What do you mean when you say you are not equal to somebody?"

He intentionally uses the word ALONE in the line;

     "I sit and mourn alone"

He does not use "lonely" but rather alone to spread his ideas but nobody will believe or accept this idea that is why he is all alone.

In second stanza he says;

"And why when mirth unseals all tongues"

           He is freely singing his ideas with regarded to uniqueness. He sings about the mirth or joy. Indirectly the speaker makes the reader aware of the fact that when you wish to be equal to someone means you are hating your own position or status and want to be equal to that person's position. Every person has his own talent which other do not have talent.

           What becomes more important here is satisfaction. What matters here is one's work and the way one worse. Those who are satisfied their need have been fulfilled. They are happy become the period of happiness short lived. Emerson's poem does not have poetic qualities but philosophical one this position does not give you equally or happiness but one's satisfaction gives that happiness.

"Be different; Be happy, No one can understand you fully except yourself, Trust in yourself"

        

               The Indian philosophy of ''KARMA'' is very applicable here In short, the speaker makes every one equal by saying that we are not equal and this is how it makes everyone equal. Thus all have this kind of uniqueness.

"You are different from others then you are alive otherwise you are a dead person in this world"

   

My view about the theme of power in Ghashiram Kotwal

                                          

Introduction

        Vijay Tendulkar (7 January 1928-19 May 2008) was a leading Indian playwright, movie and television writer, literary essayist, political journalist and social commentator primarily in Marathi. “Ghashiram Kotwal” is a one of his famous play and he presents a power of politics and how a man does anything for lust for a power. 

 Vijay Tendulkar

                        The play is a political satire, written as historical drama. Based on the life of Nana Phadnavis, one of the prominent ministers in the court of peshwa of pune. It was first performed on 16 December, by the progressive drama association in pune. This play caused a lot of controversy because some people believed that it hurt the feeling of the chipavan Brahmin community and showed the Nana Phadnavis in a bad n light. Hence it was temporarily banned in the state. The basic theme of the play is how men in power give rise to ideologist aerve their purpose and later destroy them when they become useless. Tendulkar has examined the relationship between religion, caste, sexuality and violence to expose the structure of power as the main status quo. Tendulkar is concerned about the politics of power and its various implications.

                According to samik Bandhopadhayay in his introduction to the play, he says that “In Ghashiram, power is defined ‘horizontally’, in term of individuals against individuals; from humiliation, to revenge in assertion, to eventual victimization…. Onstrategies of power.”  On one level it does seem that one individual is pitied against the other but at another level it remains very clear the force of state and society remain supreme even after individual spirit. For instance, Ghashiram an innocence newcomer to the poonaBrahmin community is in justly treated and falsely accused of stealing. He is humiliated and beaten up by the Poona Brahmins. This incident causes Ghashiram to vow revenge against the Poona Brahmins and the corrupt city of Poona itself. When he is thrown out of the city he declares that 

“you mad me an animal; I will be a devil inside. I will come back like a boar and I will make pigs of all of you. I will make this poona a kingdom of pigs.” 

 

                It is interesting to note that Ghashiram himself a Brahmin turn against this other brethren. The opportunity to get even with the poonaBrahmins presents itself in front of Ghashi when the lecherous chief minister of the peshwa, the ageing nana Phadnavis desires his beautiful daughter Gauri.  There are made a pawn and sacrificed to the Nana’s lust. In return Ghashiram is made the Kotwal of Poona. This serves two purposes, one it gives Ghashiram the opportunity to take his revenge andunlesh a reign of terror on the people of Poona and second, it allows the Nana to have his cake and eat it too. The Nana has Gauri on the one hand and on the other his own misdeeds and tyranny are obscured by Ghashiram crudity.  

            The opportunity comes in the shape of Ghashiram and that incisors peach is at hand to be devoured by Nana. Excellent! Yes, Ghashya, be Kotwal. This nana blesses you. It is clear that even at this stage the deal is an unfair one and the only one that benefits out of it is Nana. When he loses Lalita Gauri and his game has come to end does he realize his error and the reality of his position? It is the Nana’s misdeeds that have been “credited to his account.”  It then seems that power conceals itself behind agents and continues to thrive unchallenged. The king or the peshwa in this case has the power by virtue of the divine right. His position is maintained by various state apparatus like the army, the police, religion and social institutions ets. Thus, we get to see a whole hierarchy of power positions. It seems then that an individual is against an individual. The state itself functions according to a certain ideology. At asubtle level, it functions through such social attitudes that help in maintaining hierarchies and hiding the real source of power which is delegated in agents like Ghashiram was also victims of that same power.

               Religion and sexuality are also used us the strategies of power. While the army police are used by the state to maintain control within the society, there are other subtler strategies that are also used. The play begins with religious hymns and popular gods dancing on stage. This sets the context against which the drama unfolds itself. The Brahmins go to Bavannakhani to see the dance of Gulabi and say that they are going “to the temple” to give asermon on “vishmamitra and meneka”.They justify their decadence by comparing Bavannakhani to the holy Mathura. The “Abhanga” is often sung with the “Lavani” or the love song in the play. Scence of violence and cruelty are alternated with devotional songs. When nana tries toreduce Gauri in front of the statue of the holy Ganpati, then he simply dismisses her fears saying
“That all holy Ganpati? The maker of good? Look, he has two wives. One on this side, one on that side.” 

Further on in the play when  Gauri is dead and the distraught Ghashiconfronts Nana and accuses him of his daughter’s death, the latter reassures him: 

“He is the omnipresent- he makes everything happen… we are merely instruments him instruments” 
he then urges him to forget what’s happened. All merges into Ganga. Thou shalt not grieve over what is gone. The Vedas have said that. Religion then begins an alibi to cover up ones misdeeds. By invoking religion, all kinds of evils are glossed and even sanctified. Rituals areencourged to fill the pockets of the greedy Brahmins. Moreover, their position as the twice-born is reining forced by the prevalence of the caste system. Tendulkar has depicted the hypocrisy of the Brahmins, their arrogance, authoritarianism and their debauched and adulterous noble behavior. Rather than being identifiable by their good deeds and noble behavior the Brahmins are identified by their “haven head”, “holy thread” and pious looks. It is the pious looks which hide their petty deeds. The Nana himself a Brahmin is marrying for the seventh time not a mention his lust for numerous young girls, Lalita Gauri among them. Ghashiram though full of revenge and hatred for the Brahmin is himself. His conduct for barreling his daughter’s virtue for the dubious distinction of becoming the Kotwal of Poona hardly be justified and speaks of his in human opportunism and total lack of paternal sentiments and sensitivity. The total picture of the Brahmins that emerges from the play is one of hypocrisy, double standards, self-indulgence and moral degradation.

               It exposes the rottenness of the cast system that privileges a person on the basis of birth rather than merit and maintains the rigid hierarchy of control and suppresses persons. Women too as we have seen become a pawn in the power game. In fact there is a close nexus between sexuality and power. A man’s identity, self image and machismo is only definable only, it seem in relation to the conquest and oppression of women. There is a close connection between sexuality and religion as “Lavanis” and “Abhangas” are sungat the revelries in Bavannakhani which is likened to Mathura and the rotic dance to Krishna’s Raas leelaa. The garb of religion helps to justify and white wash the debaucheries of the Brahmin men. Gulabi’s stantalizing dances, the nana’s lustful pursuit of Gauri, the clandestine meeting of the Brahmin wife a Maratha lover all serve to create an underlying strain of eroticism throughout the play. In this play we can see that Tendulkar provides us with a blueprint forgettable the trical experience by satirizing the utterdecadence of feudal society and the various power structures that function in the feudal society.            

        

Castism in Indian Culture 

Introduction

       India is a democratic country or morality country. There are very beautiful countries and There are different own religion people or if they can have many sub cast system in Indian culture. Castism is very important or immoral aspect of the way. India was also issue of the castism.   Other religion people are different clothes, God, festival or ritual. Rather a social system than a religion.

 Sikhism

           The issue of caste in Sikhism is quite complex and diversity of impassioned and different opinion. The religion of the “Sikhs”, who number about four million, inhabitation of the Punjab and chiefly around Lahore. If some Sikh does not believe in the equality of all castes and treats. The sub cast of a Sikhism

Ø     Dogra

Ø     Jat

Ø     Bhatia

Ø     Ahluwalia

Ø     Kamboh

Ø     Khatri “Khata”

Ø     Arora

             Sikhism was founded by 15^th century and they have created by Guru Nanak Ji. Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak the first Guru, and the ten successive Sikh Guru -Guru Gobind Singh.

Khalsa

       “Khalsa” mean “Sovereign”

       Khalsa name to given by Gobind Singh to all “Sikh” male-female. There are very famous name in Sikhism.  The word “Sikh” Word gives rise to the modern word “Sikhism”. Who has been son ceremony called “Ammrit Sancar”. The Khalsa is a disciplined community that combines its spiritual purpose. The name Singh in 1699 during the Birth of the Khalsa. Sikh general, Banda Singh Bahadur to fight the Mughal rulers of India, who have again and finally Muslim was punished all the culprits. Guru Gobind Singh was stabbed by a pathan assassin hired by Mughals. Gobind Singh killed the attacker with his people and last of the Guru Gobind Singh death and Baba Banda Singh Bahadur became the commander-in-chief of the Khalsa. 

    

“Singh” and “Kaur” title in Sikhism

    All Sikh Man was also use “Singh” or Woman was also use “Kaur”. Sing mean “Lion” while Kaur mean “Kanwar” or “Princess”.  If they can have presented in to Hindu Rajput or Kshatriya tradition into Sikhism in addition to some other aspects of Rajput martial culture like "Jhatka" , "Shastar Tilak". Every Sikh was spiritually a Kshatriya too, they were to use the titles of Singh and Kanwar or Kaur on the lines of Rajputs, and establish the Khalsa raj or the rule of the Pure. The Kashatriya part of Sikh’s identity or they highlight to “Sikh” society.

Five ks

     Five ks means “Panj Kakaar”. There are represented of the honesty, equality, fidelity, meditating on God or ks respect to the 10 Guru Gobind Singh.

v    Kesh- Uncut hair usually tied and wrapped in a Dastar.

v    Kanga- A wooden comb, usually worn under a Dastar.

v    Kachera- Cotton, historically appropriate in battle due to increased mobility when compared to a dhoti.  The kachera is a symbol of chastity.

v    Kara- An iron bracelet, a weapon and a symbol of eternity.

v    Kirpan- An iron dagger in different sizes. In the UK Sikhs can wear a small dagger, but in the Punjab they might wear a traditional curved sword from one to three feet in length.

Guru Granth Sahib

        There are also uses of one word

     “Waheguru ji ka Khalsa

      Waheguru ji ki Fateh”

       “Guru Granth Sahib” was completed by 10^th Guru-Gobind Singh. The main language used in the scripture is known as Sant Bhasa a language related to both Punjabi and Hindi or Gurmukhi it is word also use Sikhism. Sikh was also believe in one “Ek Onkar”  

Punjabi-

“ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥“

“Ik ōaṅgkār sat nām kartā purkh nirbha'u nirvair akāl mūrat ajūnī saibhaṅ gur prasād.”

Wedding [Anand Karaj]

   Sikhism marriage role-ritual are very different beautiful and traditional. First ritual was an engagement ceremony. In this ceremony, the boy and the girl commit to enter wedlock, and won't consider any more matrimonial proposals. Next ritual was wedding. Anand Karaj is the prescribed form of Sikh marriage; the words literally translate as 'Blissful Union”. Sikh marriage was very special ceremony or two families are individual or jointed in partnership. It is the most important ritual of Lenga or Chuda, Kara or Kirpan.  It is usually conducted in the Gurdwara or at the home of the boy. If they can have involved in to “Ardas” mean- common prayer or “Kirtan”. After begins with the Braat of the girl’s house evening time. Last ritual of the wedding couple has to a drinking milk and last of the “Bidaai”.

Clothes

 Men or women style

     Punjabi culture was also use of beautiful clothing style. In this culture stitched and salwar kameez  with Dupatta thrown over shoulder completing the outfit for wearing  chudidar with kameez  and men Kurta pajama is sikh men’s were.  The very devoted were simple style for men or women. There are important of the Khanda, Chola or kakar or turban.

Food

    Punjabi food are a spicy or they can use of Ghee or Butter.   In the Punjabi food is a very famous of India or other country. In Sikhism only vegetarian food is served in the Gurudwara(Sikh temple. If they can have a cooking style was very different and perspective of the way.

Festival

     There are different festivals celebrated of the religion. There is most important festival of the Vaisakhi.

Vaisakhi

        Vaisakhi is a Hindu and Sikh festival that celebrates the beginning of the harvest season in India. It is also celebrated for the Birth of the “Khalsa” or “Sikh” religion. Vaisakhi is celebrated at a large scale at Harimandar Sahib, Amritsar. There is beautiful or interesting festival. 

                        Hinduism

         Hinduism was most important into Indian culture. Hinduism is the dominant religion, or way of life. The word Hindu or Hinduism are geographical and they have no real meaning. The real name of Hinduism is “Sanatan Dharma”. India is also called as “Hindustan” as majority people living that are “Hindu”. Hinduism was very “Old religion” in the world and they are includes a diversity of ideas on spirituality or traditions. Vedanta or Yoga was prominent of the Hinduism. This religion was very tradition and perspective of the way.   

  

Symbol of Hinduism

         There are use different symbol in to Hinduism.

  The Aum”-

   

       Aum or “Om” (ॐ) is one of the most sacred symbols in Hinduism. Hindus believe that the Vedas in the word Aum. “OM” is the symbol of supreme personality.

“The Swastika”-

           The swastika is considered extremely holy all Hindus, and is regularly used to items related to Hindu culture. It can be seen use of the temple, religion scripture and gifts.

Wedding

       A Hindu wedding is Vivah or "Kalyanam" and the wedding ceremony is called vivah sanskar in North India and Kalyanam in South India. Hindu was a important on marriage or they have very colourful and ceremony was several of the way. The ritual is very commonly into North Indian Hindu wedding.  which are respectively, giving away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify union, and taking seven steps with each step including a promise. Seven stem was very important ritual into Hinduism wedding. The wedding was very simple or traditional aspect of the way.  The ceremony is traditionally conducted entirely.

 Food

       Hinduism was against all life into non-vegetarian. Many Hindus prefer a vegetarian or lacto-vegetarian lifestyle. The respect for cow is part of Hindu belief, and most Hindus avoid meat sourced from cow. There are pure vegetarian people but other are the diet of many Hindus may include eggs. 

Festival

    Hinduism was celebrated into a many festival or janmashtami very special festival in Indian culture. 

 

Janmashtami- Janmashtmi of Mathura and vrindavan, the places were lord Krishna had spent his childhood are famous all over the world. vrindavan’s holy is most famous in vrindavan.

                    Brahmanism

      Brahmanism is rather a social system than a religion. Brahman connotes the highest Universal Principle, the ultimate reality in the universe. Brahman is a Vedic Sanskrit word. Brahman is identical to the Atman, Brahman is everywhere and inside each living being, and there is connected spiritual all existence. The religious and social system of the Brahmans and orthodox Hindus characterized by the caste system and diversified of castism. There are not old religion but they have also important into role-ritual and static place. Brahmans was upper cast and they have also use of political and social power. The census of 1881 enumerated 1,929 castes. Brahmins are one of many minority groups in India. In 1931, Brahmins were 4.32% of the total population.

Various Brahmins………

o Chitpavana Brahmins

o Daivajna Brahmins

o Deshastha Brahmins

o Dhima Brahmins

o Gouda Saraswat Brahmins

o Havyaka Brahmins

o Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins

o Kandavara Brahmins

                   Buddhism

 Buddhism is a nontheistic religion. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle") or Vajrayana. In writing her biography of the Buddha, noted, "It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria. Karma in Buddhism is the force that drives samasara—the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. The History of Buddhism spans the 6th century BC to the present, starting with the birth of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama in Nepal. There are role –ritual are very different in castes.

God in Buddhism

    
         Gautama Buddha was rejected the existence of a creator deity and they started origin of the world are not ultimately useful for ending suffer. The Buddha is equated with the Dharma. They share a common mythological origin to their cognates in the historical Vedic religion. Some common gods and goddesses are surya, Yasa, Indra.
  

Wedding

       
          Buddhist marriage is very simple and they are not involving any ritual. A typical wedding takes place in two parts, one is Buddhist component and the other is non-Buddhist component. The wedding ceremony usually takes place in a temple. Firstly, both the bride and the groom bow in front of Buddha image. Next started into prayer, chanta, light stick and candle image. After this, the couple makes offering to the monks such as flowers, food, sweets and medicines. At times, token money is also given to the temple. The priest then places a thread on the heads of the monks. Recitations in Pali language are made to evoke blessings for the newly wedding couple. Buddha wedding is not formal but they have significantly. 

Food

        
Buddhist cuisine is East Asian cuisine and there are follow monks. There is only use of vegetarian or they have common into Hinduism, Brahmanism, and Sikhism. Most of the dishes considered to be uniquely Buddhist are vegetarian, but opinions and restrictions on the eating of meat. Buddhism cooking style was very simple or natural, and they have also use of rice.

Festival

     Buddhist Festivals are always joyful occasions.

Buddhist New Year-  Theravadin was the New Year is celebrated for three days from the first full moon day in April. In Mahayana countries the New Year starts on the first full moon day in January Last of the Vietnamese celebrate late January or early February.

Vesak- 

              Buddha's Birthday is known as Vesak (Buddha's Birthday Celebrations). Vesak is the major Buddhist festival of the year as it celebrates the birth, first full moon day.

                   Jainism

   Jainism was belonging into oldest religion.  There are believed non-violence and self-control are the means to liberation. Jainism are called Jain and they are rejects the idea of a creator or destroyer god. According to Jainism, every human being can become Jina. Jainism is an ancient religion of India. Jains trace their history through twenty-four tirthankarn and revere Rishabha as the first tirthankara. There are many Jain rituals in the various sects of Jainism. 
    

      Symbols of Jainism

Swastika-

      Swastika is an important Jain symbol. It also represents the four columns of the Jain Sangha: sadhus, sadhvis, sravakas, shravikas. There are represent of soul.

 Ahimsa

       The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes Ahimsa in Jainism. The word in the middle is "ahimsa"

Food

     
               The Jain cuisine is completely vegetarian and also excludes onions, potatoes, brinjals. This food is called sattvic, which means that it is based on the qualities of goodness, lightness and happiness. Jain objections to the eating of meat, fish and eggs are based on the principle of nonviolence.

Festival

    Jain was celebrated to different festival.

Paryushan Mahaparva- The Paryushan is the most important festival among the Jainism. All Jains, the young and the old perform Atthai Tap - fasting for eight days at a time.  

             Mohammedanism

         Muslims live in many different countries and community. Arabic, Pakistan, Islam is a difficult religion of the country. It is the religion of about one-fifth of Indian and is chiefly found in the Punjab and other northern state. Mohammedanism was called new name “Muslim” or “Islam” As we know say that Muslim religion was related to old culture and they have not use of new thinking. There is different culture in Indian.

Symbols  

   There are different symbols of “Islam” 
     

Calligraphic-


                   Islam was use of design Calligraphic. There are besides on the color Green is often used as symbolizing Islam.

Color-

o Greenish blue has special color Islam place.

o The Black Standard as used by various Islamist organizations.

o White was a use of Friday prayer.

Wedding

        Islam marriage is legal contract “Nikah namah” between two people. Muslim marriage is known as “Nikah” A formal, binding contract is considered integral to a religiously valid Islamic marriage. There must be two Muslim witnesses of the marriage contract. Their wedding is a very simple and beautiful marriage ceremony. There are represent in the two parties. The amount of Mehar, a compulsory amount of money to be given to the bride by the groom's family is also decided. Finally the Maulavi ask bride three time “Qubool ha” and as the accept concern husband and he accepted the concern with wife, and decided among the Mehar. Finally Nikahnama is signed by the couple.

Clothes

 Men or women clothes

         Muslim dress code of Niqab is most important of women dress. Indian culture is popularly describing a “burqa ban” The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or “hijab”. Men dress code was a long robe worn and top is usually tailored like white color.

Food

            
           Islam foods are spicy or they can have use of tail or Ghee. Islam culture is food habit of non-Vegetarian. There are also like to Chicken or biryani dishes are very famous of Islamic culture.

Conclusion

        Different Cast in Indian culture and there is also use of beautiful role-ritual. If they can have marriage system is a very beautiful but clothes are Sam in other castism. Islamic cast was related to old generation
Ex- Mohammedanism. There are very simple people or not expect the new generation. Jainism was a related to old generation. Cast was a different but there are except the language, symbol or God in other casts.